Types of Advertising Media Essay Example for Free

Types of Advertising Media EssayAs we noted in Managing the Advertising Campaign tutorial, selection of the media outlet through which an ad will be presented has cardinal implications for the success of a promotion. Each outlet possesses unique characteristics though not all outlet argon equally effective for all advertisers. Thus, choosing the right media lot be a time consuming process requiring the marketer to balance the pros and cons of each option. While just a few years ago marketers infallible to be aware of only a few media outlets, todays marketers must be well-versed in a wide range of media options. The reason for the growing number of media outlets lies with advances in communication technology, in particular, the Internet. In this tutorial we provide an overview of the following advertising media1. Television2. Radio3. Print Publications4. Internet5. Direct transmit6. Signage7. Product Placement8. Mobile Devices9. Sponsorships10. Other Media OutletsAs we disc ussed in the Advertising Trends section in the Advertisingtutorial, the number of media outlets will continue to grow as newfangled technologies emerge. Thus, marketers are well advised to continually monitor changes occuring within each media outlet.Television AdvertisingTelevision advertising offers the benefit of reaching large add up in a single exposure. Yet because it is a mass medium capable of being seen by nearly anyone, television lacks the ability to deliver an publicizing to highly targeted customers compared to other media outlets. Television networks are attempting to improve their targeting efforts. In particular, networks operating in the pay-to-access arena, such as those with channelson cables length and satellite television, are introducing more narrowly themed programming (i.e., TV shows geared to specific interest groups) designed to appeal to selective audiences.However, television remains an option that is best for products that targeted to a broad market. The geographic scope of television advertising ranges from advertising within a localized geographic area using fee-based services, such as cable and fiber optic services, to national coverage using broadcast programming. Television advertising, once viewed as the pillar of advertising media outlets, is facing numerous challenges from alternative media (e.g., Internet) and the violation of technology devices, such as digital video recorders (see more in the Advertising Trends section in theAdvertising) tutorial, that have empowered customers to be more selective on the advertisements they view. Additionally, television lacks effective response tracking which has led many marketers to investigate other media that offer stronger tracking options.

Strategies that could positively encourage self-reliance Essay Example for Free

Strategies that could positively encourage self-reliance EssayDescribe four strategies that could positively encourage Sophies self-reliance, self-esteem and emotional resilience. Molly is Sophies key worker in a nursery she attends, Molly has realised that Sophie is at the ripe(p) stage of development but Molly has also realised that Sophie has problems eating and doesnt like socialising outside although she spends lots of time with her friends. Molly is bear on about Sophie and the nursery want to know what things may table service the situation.I am now going to explain the 4 categories that I imply talent help Sophie. These argonFocusing Attention- I think this may help Sophie when she is in nursery as I feel like she is lacking tending when she is at home as she doesnt spend much time with her parents. Giving Sophie lots of attention may take her mind off not eating and make her less self-conscious of when she may have to eat around other children and also making her used to getting attention. This will help Sophies self-esteem as she will feel good about herself wanting to go and talk to her friends and feel comfortable eating around them. nerve-racking new activates- I think that trying new activities with Sophie when it comes to meal times may make her feel moreSetting person-to-person goals- I think that setting personal goals for Sophie may make her feel as though she has a reason to go to Nursery and Sophie may realise that people are actually caring about her making her feel good about herself and also making her realise that she doesnt have to deal with things on her own. The personal goals that we could set are things like trying new foods are big(a) her positive feedback and treats such as trips out to farms to see her favourite animals and also giving her a sticker chart that she could have hamster stickers for whenever she eats a full meal and cleans her plate, but whenever she doesnt eat a meal take away(predicate) the stickers a nd tell her that hammy the hamster isnt happy having teddys to help her focus.

Identity as citizenship and the human rights

Identity as citizenship and the human rightsThis essay will be discussing about one of the ternary types of Bruneis citizenship. Brunei citizenship is divided into three categories. It is categorise by color which atomic number 18 chicken, over-embellished and green and these color will be the color of the identity phone observance hold by each of Brunei citizenships according to which citizenship they atomic number 18 categorised. In Brunei Darussalam, different identity card holder will attract off different specialty offered by the Bruneis brass because in Brunei Darussalam, Brunei disposal is responsible for its citizen welf argon. Specialty means welfare in term of knowledge, health care and frolic offer. The welfare given is different from one identity card holder to another.IDENTITY AS CITIZENSHIP AND THE HUMAN RIGHTSThe focus of this essay will be on the over-embellished card holder and my focal point is on bookmans. The fuck will be discuss after I elaborate the details of the colour citizenship status and their human rights in their stay in Brunei Darussalam. The over-embellished card holder is for a citizen who came into Brunei Darussalam and married to a Brunei woman. This citizenship will also descent to their baby birdren if the yield are not a local Bruneian. The babe whose father holding the purple citizenship is categorise the same as their fathers citizenship even though they are born in Brunei. Purple card citizenship can also be given to hoi polloi who plan to live permanently in Brunei Darussalam. The specialty given to the purple citizenship is different from what is given to the yellowish card citizenship. Yellow citizenship is the slight citizenship which is called as local mint. at that place is another citizenship status in Brunei which is a green card holder which will not be include in this discussion but the best description is this type of citizenship is for temporary foreign worker who work in Brunei with two historic period renew qualified visa.The local people are the community who are given the specialty from the government in terms of education, health care and job offer. Local students are given eruditeness for education. They do not meet to pay anything for their primary school and secondary school even texts books are provided without any expense demands. Unlike the purple card citizenship, although they are born in Brunei they contribute to pay the school topples. The school fee is paid monthly and the cost will be increasing as they went to a higher direct of education. Regarding health care, people with purple citizenship have to pay the amount of BND$30 for every prescription unlike the local citizenship which is the yellow card holder they only paying an amount of BND$1 for their prescription. They also have to pay for their stay if they were admitted in the hospital while local people pay nothing.Other than that, the purple card holder also cannot work as a governm ent staff only until they get their yellow citizenship. The issue that questions this situation is why as a permanent citizenship (purple card holder) do not get the government specialty even though they have been staying in Brunei permanently and even some of them are born in Brunei. In Brunei if a local resident (yellow card holder) students applying for university they have to have an outstanding entrust in revision to get a scholarship. If they are qualified with their issue they will continue their study to the university and they will be given monthly allowance account by the government. Unlike the purple citizenship, even though they get an outstanding result but they cannot enter the university by scholarship. They have to pay the school fee which is at the amount of BND$4000 per semester and this will cost them an overall of BND$24,000 for the whole degree course which took four years to be completed.As of the different welfare, occur some cases in Brunei where some pa rents did not afford to pay their childrens school fee and despondently their children are categorise as a very outstanding student in school. Sometime the students have to quit even at their early primary or secondary school because they could not continue their study receivable to financial matter. What progresss it as a fair decision to differentiate a student with foreign father to pay for their education but they have been in Brunei since they born and are not passing to another place to stay and grow other than in Brunei. If the government let them get the same advantage as the local resident will that harm the government in any way? This is the question which really needs a clear description especially for those who faced this situation.The children are considered as Brunei asset but why they have to be treated like foreigner. If the government cannot make any potpourri to this children welfare who else can support their prospective. If the government cannot overcome t his situation what will happen in the future if the number of unemployment is increasing. This would trouble the uncouth and even ominous the future of Brunei because of the regardless of some outstanding asset.Below are the legal philosophy and regulations of Brunei Government for applying the yellow card citizenship as tell in Brunei National cash register Members Section.Available http//www.imigresen.gov.bn.html. end accessed 19th Jannuary 2011. The yellow card citizenship are recognise as the people of His Royal Highness Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam. Only this people are eligible to get the welfare specialty given by the government. So in order to get the entire welfare from the government the resident with purple card holder can apply to change their purple card to yellow by the following regulations.ABSOLUTE EFFECTIVE BY THE LAW (CHAPTER 4 OF THE NATIONAL threadbare OF BRUNEI)Application Requirements Status as a people of His Royal Highness Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam1 Section is recognized as the Peoples Representatives of His highness Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam.2 Assign legally in the country while the lotion is made.REGISTRATION BY Chapter 5 (1), 6 (1) and 8 (1) OF THE NATIONAL STANDARD OF BRUNEICHAPTER 5 (1) THE APPLICANT IS innate(p) IN STATERequirements for Applying for Status as the People of His Royal Highness Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei DarussalamThe applicant has createed 18 years when the activity is madeThe applicant is recognized as permanent residents to have Entry Permit / Residence Permit for 12 years from the date of issueResided constantly in the country for 2 years prior to drillQualifications to people of His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei DarussalamGood behavior (to be reviewed by the parties concerned)Malay delivery ExaminationCitizenship Status should divest OriginObedience Oath lift Seta (after obtaining consent of His Gracious Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam.CHAPTER 6 (1) APPLICATION STATUS BY FATHER / MOTHER / PARENTS lift CITIZENS OF BRUNEIApplication Requirements Status as a people of His Royal Highness Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei DarussalamThe applicant is under 18 years old when the application is madeFather / Mother / Parent Adoption is recognized as a people of His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei DarussalamLegally residing in Brunei Darussalam during the application is made.Eligibility To be people of His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei DarussalamGood behavior (to be reviewed by the parties concerned)Shall pillage Kewarganegraan Original StatusCHAPTER 8 (1) THE APPLICANT IS BORN ABROADApplication Requirements Status as a people of His Royal Highness Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei DarussalamThe applicant is under 18 years old when the application is madeThe application is recognized as permanent residents with Entry Permit / Residence Permit for 20 years from the date of issueResided continuously in the country for 2 years prior to application.Eligibility To be people of His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei DarussalamGood behavior (to be reviewed by the parties concerned)Passed the Malay LanguageShall deprive Kewarganegraan Original StatusFaithful Obedience Oath lift (after getting Perkenaan His Gracious Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam)As the regulation verbalize in the law of Department Of Immigration and National Registration Ministry of domesticated Affair Brunei it shows that it is applicable to be the people of His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam as long as they are qualified according to the law and regulation of National regulation. Somehow what can be seen from the regulation is it took a very long time for a purple card citizen to become and even apply the yellow citizenship. It is at some points wasting their time waiting and also wasting their money to fell on expense demand as a purple citizenship while at the end they will still to be recognized as a yellow citizenship. therefore in this case time is really matter because through time it shows how much we spend for the expense demand and we could thing how expense it is to spend that amount of money just to go through that time estimation stated in the regulation. What if within the time the students are not be able to continue their study just because they cannot afford to pay the fees and after a long time when they get the yellow citizenship but at that time it is already impossible for them to continue their study because of their age factor. In Brunei there is school regulation where only certain age can enter certain level of education as stated in Education System.Available http//www.moe.edu.bn. Last accessed 15th Jannuary 2011. If they could not continue their study just because of this matter then who are to be blame and who are to be responsible for their future. According to regulation on chapter 5(1) for applicants who born in Brunei. They can only apply the yellow citizenship if they take place their age of 18 years old. But if we think about this prudently why do the parents have to pay for their education until they reach their age of 18 years old and then after that they are conform to be a local citizenship. This is a waste of money.Of course in terms of future it is sometimes under the responsibilities of their parents. But what if the father earns low income just because he cannot work with the government. The government cannot offer any job and he has to work at private sector with low salary because he is still waiting for the yellow citizenship and he could not get the job offer by the government since he is still holding the purple citizenship. This will affect the future of their child especially when they have number of children to depend on them. As stated in Job Vacancy.Available http//www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn. Last accessed 19th Jannuary 2011 which is showing the conditions for applying government job as belowGeneral ConditionsThe applicants of the people of His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam.The applicant knowledge of kerasmian religion, customs, culture, social development, economics and politics of Brunei Darussalam.Willing to work anytime outside normal working hours on working on a rotation land (shift) or during public holidays and also be willing to serve in any district in the country.In order for a child to assert on their fathers citizenship as stated in the regulation chapter 6(1) the father has to have a permit of 20 years as a purple citizenship (permanent citizenship) and the child must not yet reach the age of 18. Lets say the father has not reach the estimation time staying in Brunei for 20 years and the child are already eligible to apply the yellow citizenship, this would delayed the child from making the application for the yellow citizenship until they reach their age of 18 years old. There are also cases happen to purple citizen students where they have to postpone from entering the university because they have to wait until they reach their age of 18 years old to make them eligible to get the scholarship to enter the university as the regulation stated in admission.Available http//www.ubd.edu.bn. Last accessed 15th Jannuary 2011.They also do not have any option for example to work with the government even though the finished their study in the government school by fee because they have to have the yellow citizenship. In cases like this also happen that the child cannot make the application to get the yellow citizenship at all because if they already re ach their age of 18 and was born abroad and their father have not reach the 20 years being a permanent resident they are no longer eligible to make an application. This is because as stated in chapter 8(1) if applicants are born abroad they are only eligible to make application before they reach the age of 18 years old. They also having problem to apply for scholarship to study abroad.In Brunei, students with outstanding A level result will be eligible to get study abroad scholarship but the condition is they must be holding the yellow citizenship as stated in Scholarship.Available http//www.moe.edu.bn. Last accessed 15th Jannuary 2011. For students who are holding purple citizenship, they cannot apply for this scholarship even they have got a very excellent result. Therefore some of them who did not afford to pay for a very expensive school fee cannot continue their study to a higher level of education especially university. Sometime they have to waste their time waiting for their citizenship application to be approved by the Department Of Immigration and National Registration Ministry of Domestic Affair Brunei.For applicants stated in chapter 8(1) the law and regulation of Department Of Immigration and National Registration Ministry of Domestic Affair Brunei for applicants who was born abroad in order to be have the yellow citizenship of Brunei they have to pass their Malay Language Test. If they do not pass the test they have to try until they can get through and qualified to be the yellow citizenship. In this cases happen that they have to try for so many years to be qualified but what is worth trying in years in order to get the scholarship if the scholarship has limit the requirement only to students who is below 25 years old. In Brunei if someone is to apply for education scholarship they must be not more than 25 years old. If someone with purple citizenship are recognised as the yellow citizenship after their age of 25 years old than what is worth figh ting for doing the test in years while according to their academic devising they are actually qualified to continue their study.For those who can afford to pay for their education to university level and manage to complete their degree with outstanding qualification that does not mean that they can work with the government. This is because the regulation to work with the government is they must have a yellow citizenship. If they do not qualified in terms of citizenship their academic result will not be considered by the government even though they are qualified in terms of academic qualification. In the end they have to spend years working with private sector and earn lower income which is not suitable for their academic qualification and what have they been going through will continuously happen to their children as well. Some of them also have to move to other country to seek for appropriate and suitable job for their qualification.CONCLUSIONThere are so many things to be conside red and analysed in this issue. The regulation delayed the application in terms of the demand of the time requirements to be the yellow citizenship. Most applicants have to wait for a very long time until they are applicable to be the yellow citizenship. Along their journey to get the yellow citizenship they have lost so many valuable things such as their time, their effort and even their future. If this happen continuously to the resident of Brunei specially the purple citizen it will leads to a big lost to the country in terms of losing the intelligent assets and also will leads to massive number of unemployment in the future. It is not wrong to put a law for people to apply the yellow citizenship of Brunei. But the time required for the purple citizenship to apply the yellow citizenship should be decreased for the country and resident own good and for a better future.(2,860 words)Bibligraphyadmission.Available http//www.ubd.edu.bn. Last accessed 15th Jannuary 2011Education Syste m.Available http//www.moe.edu.bn. Last accessed 15th Jannuary 2011.Job Vacancy.Available http//www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn. Last accessed 19th Jannuary 2011Members Section.Available http//www.imigresen.gov.bn.html. Last accessed 19th Jannuary 2011Scholarship.Available http//www.moe.edu.bn. Last accessed 15th Jannuary 2011.

Sears lack of employee involvement and empowerment

Sears lack of employee involvement and empowermentSears is a leading retailer providing swap and various services, which offers a wide variety of products with more than 2,300 stores in the U.S. and Canada (Sears home page). The bon ton has a strong cultural base with effective operation systems, of which internal and external environs s great deals can be identify with a SWOT analysis.Internal StrengthsSince established in 1886, Sears has developed a strong retail interlocking with extensive customer database of more than 60 million Sears credit card holders (Prentice-Hall, 2003). The company has gained good reputation as a reliable retailer and spacious trust from consumers thanks to its flexibility in identifying extremity and adapting strategies to provide best service (Rucci et al., 1998). Even during the crisis period, consumers faith was basically unchanged. It has many nation-wide known brand label with focused range of products and attracts large attention from both male and female customers. Internal surveys also revealed that employees had high expectation from the company and great desire to chip in to the companys success.Internal WeaknessesDuring the 1980s, the company expanded its affair into other fields, for instance insurance, investment and banking, real estate, which resulted in loosing strength and prestige position in its core business as a retailer (Rucci et al., 1998). It was no longer the leading company in retailing but ranked number three after Wal mart Stores, Inc. and Kmart Corporation. Lack of focus made the company fail to follow newfangled trends in selling and respond quickly to changes in the marketplace.Another problem was the irrelevant attitude towards consumers. The senior managers in the head office were said not to listen to customers need, which resulted in high proportion of dis expiation. Other factors, for instance, low inventory turnover, perverting service and poor sales companion also contributed to the companys downturn.OpportunitiesThe company started to realise the importance of female customers and changed the image of a mans store to attract more women by offering new ranges of apparel and cosmetics (Rucci et al., 1998).On the other hand, the application of the employee customer simoleons chain had positive effect on operation as employee satisfaction on the Sears TPI was high and employees were highly aware of the need for performance mendment. The development of learning maps, town hall meetings, and later maps, including Voices of our customers, The Sears money flow and Ownership, seemed to epochally nurture learning environment in the organisation and enhance realistic action.External ThreatsThe intense competition in retailing was a comparatively significant flagellum to the company. The industry with a variety of old names like Wal Mart and Kmart as well as new arrivals caused great pressure for Sears to compete and undeniable the company to apply the most sui table strategies without fault to survive and develop.Main issuesIn a previous try out, Sears used an employee-customer-profit chain to collect data from up to 800 stores and found that a five percent increase in employee satisfaction drives a 1.3 percent in customer satisfaction, which results in 0.5 percent increase in revenue growth (Rucci et al. 1998). Thus, the company itself realised the necessity to employees attitude improvement. Although the company was on the fast track of recovery, there were still many issues to be identified and tackled in order to achieve sustainable growth as described in Rucci et al. (1998).First, lack of confabulation and cooperation between different departments and functions in the company resulted in poor operation efficiency. Customers satisfaction had decreased significantly and it was frontline employees who seemed to know this situation the best. However, they had little opportunity to deliver their messages to the management.The next probl em was lack of employee involvement and empowerment. The companys strategies and expectations were badly transferred through to them, and thus, they were lost in ambiguity about the tasks they were assigned. Moreover, employees are not given enough creative power to have influence on the shape of companys future. Moreover, employees had to opportunity and support to realise their personal goals. The company aimed to create a compelling and motivated run awaying environment. In reality, however, they still had a long modality to go. To most extent, the old control and command culture had prevented the company from advanced development and employees were not highly valued enough as an ultimate resourcefulness in the organisation.Misunderstanding was another major issue which the company had to pay much attention to. According to a survey conducted by Sears itself, employees believed that Sears made profit of 45 cents on for each one dollar while the real figure was 2 cents. Thi s was seen as a barrier to trust. While the company had to implement some changes in operation such as cost cuttings and reduced reinforcements to cope with crisis, employees might oppose them because they thought the company was doing well. Consequently, there was a lack of comprehend of urgency and commitment to change through the company.Another point is that the company should have invested more on develop their reward practices although the company was in a crisis and struggling to survive. It becomes even more important to have reward strategies supporting business objectives during hard times as they will strengthen existing resources and economic aid the company overcome difficulties (CIPD, 2009).Approach to reward managementWith the emergence of the global knowledge and service oriented economy, more attention has been paid to the value of military personnel resource to improve operation capability and create sustainable competitive advantages (Thompson, 2002). However, it is increasingly challenging to attract, motivate and retain employees with the most appropriate reward strategy which can maximise the benefits and perceived value of the rewards at an affordable cost to the company. Although managers at Sears recognised the significance of reward management and executive incentives were based on both financial and non financial performance, they still lack of a systematic approach to the issue. Consequently, a total reward system consisting of financial and non-financial, direct as well as indirect, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards is what Sears needs to improve reward and compensation strategies and reinforce its core values.Total reward, as defined by CIPD (2011), is a concept that encompasses all aspects of work that are valued by employees, including elements such as learning and development opportunities and/or an attractive working environment, in do-gooder to the wider pay and benefits package. Under this concept, employees are empowered and engaged in operation, and can have positive attitudes towards the company. In return, employers get to know more about staffs work life and receive commitment and high performance from employees (Zhou, Qian, Qi Lei, 2009). A useful total reward model was developed by WorldatWork (2006) with five elements as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Elements of Total rewards (adapted from worldatwork.org)Total reward approach helps to allocate resources properly and guarantees that all aspects of reward offering are monitored and employ (CIPD, 2009). When all elements are delivered, employees are increasingly motivated and satisfied with the package, and thus, more engaged in fulfilling responsibilities, improve customer service and enhance performance. The company whitethorn choose different strategies from each element to give employees offers aiming at attracting, motivating and retaining them.CompensationIt is widely recognised that pay plays the most important role in staff recruitment, motivation and retention process (CIPD Mercer, 2010). Pay at least needs to be set at a reasonable rate to frame employees effort and contribution. Apart from fixed pay, employees can earn bonuses for better than expected performances or results achieved. It is especially suitable for Sears where bonuses can encourage employees to perform better and improve customers experience. It also keeps the companys reward package stay competitive against that of other retailers.BenefitsThe company needs to end a flexible benefit programme, which is available to all levels of employees, to stick on cash compensation and promote the companys image. The offerings may contain social insurance (e.g. social security, unemployment benefits, shopping discounts, workers compensation,), group insurance (e.g. life insurance, savings, health vouchers) and paid conk (e.g. sickness, holidays, vacation). Good benefits may assist employees in avoiding financial risks and obtaining a stable life, whil e at the same time, mirror the companys positive values and deliver hopeful messages to its stakeholders (WorldatWork, 2006). Moreover, well-designed benefits schemes can even lower the expenses and make some savings (Silverman Reilly, 2003). The company can attract employees attention to the most cost effective benefits, for instance, discounted gym membership, squirt care facilities or cheap loans. Benefits can also be designed as a percentage of salary, then the company may avoid the variant of benefit cost and transfer part of this risk to employees. For instance, employees may choose to withdraw a cash allowance of four percent of salary each year, or invest it in a health and well-being programme offered by the company.Work-LifeIt contains the experienced working reality in the company, which includes the physical and emotional environment (Higgs, 2006). Policies are designed with an aim to support employees to get the balance and success both at home and in the workplace. In order to achieve this element, the company needs to have an open management style in which everyone is highly involved as a strong community and empowered. There should be flexibility at workplace and great concern from management about employees health and well being, with occasional financial support, if necessarily.Performance and RecognitionPerformance This is a significant component in de landmarkining the companys success, in which performance of all employees is assessed to evaluate the efficiency. The management as well as employees must invest properly on planning process to link expectations with individual, team and organisational goals. Then, feedbacks are provided to all levels of staff to examine whether performance is up to expectations and goals or not. Appropriate feedback is important as it can motivate employees and improve their working efficiency.Recognition After performance has been assessed, recognition is psychologically necessary to appreciate ones effo rts and acknowledge his/ her contributions. Public recognition is important as it not only affects ones behaviour but also has impact on the others as well (Wiscombe, 2002). Awards can be cash or non-cash (e.g. certificates, restaurant or movie tickets, verbal or written notes of thanks). It is crucial that recognition be proper and fair as the company can gain greater employees obedience and commitment with such programmes (Boxall Purcell, 2008).Development and Career OpportunitiesThe company is supposed to provide employees with continuous development to enhance their skills and competence as it is an important part in the psychological contract between both sides (CIPD, 2009). On the other hand, a plan for career advancement not only makes employees be more responsible for(p) to their work but also deliver greater value to the company (Higgs, 2006).For development strategies, the company may offer different learning opportunities, for instance, short term training courses, on the barter learning, coaching and mentoring, leadership development. As Sears already has a corporate university, more employees should be given the chance to attend it rather than managers only.For advanced opportunities, the company may offer some internships, apprenticeships with experts, attendance on meetings and lunches with senior managers for best performers. Each employee will be consulted with individual career ravel plans so that he/ she can know clearly what to do to be promoted. The company should also consider about succession planning to prevent job gaps and operation disruption.Elements to considerAlthough Total Reward has been proved to be effective in many companies already, it is necessary for implementers to apply its elements in correspondence with each companys proper(postnominal) situation.Contractual arrangementsThe company must regulate clearly what benefits are offered to employees in the contract to avoid any ambiguity or misunderstanding in reward str ategies. Besides, as employees may change their choices or obtain new benefits regularly, the contract needs amending accordingly.Communication to employeesIt is important that the company deliver the right messages to its workforce explicitly or implicitly to obtain sustainable high-performance (CIPD, 2011). The company must provide employees with enough information about benefits schemes and update regularly about new policies or offers in different forms, for instance, through intranet, posters, emails and in verbal. As many people tend not to see the true value of benefits realistically, good communication may help them to get an idea of basic mechanics of the plans and their operation (Silverman Reilly, 2003). Managers can discuss with their staffs about salary progression, potential for higher salaries, promotion fortuity to give them clear vision and expectations of what they can have and how to get these benefits (Armstrong Murlis, 2004).Valuation of benefitsEvaluation of the benefits schemes before and after deployment is crucial to achieve the best efficiency. Reward practitioners need to design a plan which is both cost-effective for the company and advantageous to employees. After execution, the outcomes need to be reviewed and lessons are to be learned for improvements.Cultural kineticsReward management must be considered in the context of the organisations culture (Armstrong Brown, 2006). Companies have different styles of work culture, which significantly affect the way employees work and behave. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the companys culture thoroughly before deciding the type of reward strategy and ways to deliver them to employees.ConclusionThis paper attempts to analyse Sears case study with some key drivers for change and main issues, then propose an applicable model for implementing reward management at the company. Given the urgent need to design and deploy applicable strategies for the company to follow, it is hoped t hat the proposal bring about expected outcomes for the companys sustainable growth in the future.Word count

The Chomsky On Language Acquisitions English Language Essay

The Chomsky On Language Acquisitions English Language Essay ace of the greatest linguists of entirely times, Noam Chomsky asserts that wrangle is innate. He wrote his famous allow, Language and Mind in 1972, in which he proposed his famous theories on dustup science. In this book Chomsky wrote, When we study human verbiage, we be approaching what some might call the human essence, the distinctive qualities of mind that argon, so far as we know, unique to man. consort to Chomsky, oral communication is one characteristic that is unique to humans among all other(a) living beings. Chomskys theories collect made it easier to understand the evolution and using of the lyrics.Chomskys theories on lyric poem are based upon the importance of linguistics in modern sciences. According to him, to study languages, it is important study human nature that lies in human mind.Chomsky on Language AcquisitionNoam Chomsky postulated that the mechanism of the language acquisition is derived f rom the innate processes. Innate is something which is already there in mind since birth. The theory proposed by Chomsky is proved by the children living in same linguistic community. Moreover, they are non influenced by the external experiences which bring about the comparable grammar. He thus proposed his theory on language acquisition in 1977 as all children share the same internal constraints which characterize narrowly the grammar they are going to construct. He also proposed that all of us live in a biological world, and according to him, mental world is no exception. He also believes that as there are stages of development for other parts of the body,language development dismiss also be achieved up to a certain age.Innatism Noam ChomskyThe linguist Noam Chomskys views have had a tremendous furbish up on language acquisition theory and research. Chomskys transformation-generative grammar (TG) approach differed substantially from previous views of language happen uponing. Fo r Chomsky, the essential rules of grammar (everything we know about our language phonology, syntax, morphology, semantics, etc.) lie hidden in the abstract deep structure of language. Deep structure rules areuniversal. Its not what the environment brings to the child but what the child brings to theenvironment.Chomsky claimed that children are biologically programmed for language and that language develops in the child in just the same route that other biological functions develop. For example, every child will learn how to walk (if there is cryptograph wrong with the child). The child doesnt need to be taught. Most children learn to walk at about the same age. For Chomsky, language acquisition is very similar. The environment makes a basic contribution in this case, the avail major power of people who pronounce to the child. The childs biological endowment will do the rest. This is known as the innatist military capability. Chomsky proposed his theory in reaction to what he s aw as the inadequacy of the behaviorist theory of development based on imitation and habit formation.Evidence seems very strong that children are by no means systematically corrected or instructed on language. Have you ever tried to correct the grammar of a three-year-old? Not more parents have been observed correcting their toddlers or pre-schoolers grammatical errors.When parents do correct, research has shown, they tend to focus on meaning and not on language form, often simply ingeminate the childs incorrect utterance in a more complete grammatical form. When parents do correct errors, children often ignore the correction, continuing to use their own way of saying things.A Social Interaction Model of First Language AcquisitionThe foundation of all language, according to Vygotsky, is social interaction. Vygotskyoriginated the notion that the most plenteous environment for all early learning, including child 4language acquisition, is found in what he termed the Zone of Proximal Development. Therelation between thought and vocalise is a living person. In the Vygotskian approach, childrenattempt to communicate, and in these attempts they learn language.Social interaction creates many opportunities for children to acquire the necessary socialfeatures of their native language they learn how to use language in different contexts, and theyacquire the ability to know what to say to whom, when, and where. Consider the acquisition of various forms of requests. The zone of proximal development creates many opportunities forEnglish-speaking children to realize that a request such as gimme- can work with youngerplaymates and some siblings but may not work successfully with mom and dad. Older children learn more complicated variations of requests, such as knowing that Wouldnt you standardised to.?-is a more polite way of asking Wanna?- sustain Language LearningIt is clear that a child or adult learning a second language is different than a child getting a runner l anguage, both in terms of personal characteristics and conditions for learning.Questions to consider when trying to understand how second language pupils learn are1. Does the learner already know a language?2. Is the learner cognitively mature? That is, is she or he able to engage in problem solving,deduction, and complex memory tasks?3. How swell highly-developed is the learners metalinguistic awareness? That is, can the learnertreat language as an object (for example, define a word, say what sounds make up thatword, or arouse a rule such as -add an -s to form the plural)?4. How extensive is the learners general knowledge of the world? This kind of knowledgemakes it easier to understand language because one can sometimes make good guessesabout what the speaker is probably saying even when the language carrying the messageis new.5. Is the learner nervous about making mistakes and looking -silly when speaking thelanguage?6. Does the learning environment allow the learner to be si lent in the early stages oflearning, or is he or she expected to speak from the beginning?57. Is there enough time available for language learning to take place, and is there plenty ofcontact with proficient speakers of the language?8. Does the learner receive corrective feedback when he or she makes errors in grammar orpronunciation, or does the listener overlook these errors and pay attention to themessage?9. Does the learner receive corrective feedback when she or he uses the wrong word, ordoes the listener usually try to guess the intended meaning?10. Is the learner exposed to language which is modified in terms of speed of delivery,complexity of grammatical structure, and vocabulary, so that it matches the learnersability to comprehend and interact?All second language learners, regardless of age, have by commentary already acquired atleast one language. This prior knowledge may be an advantage in the sense that the learner has an idea of how languages work. On the other hand, knowledge of other languages can also lead learners to make incorrect guesses about how the second language works, and this may cause errors which a first language learner would not make.Young language learners begin the task of language learning without the benefit of someof the skills and knowledge which adolescent and adult learners have. The first language learner does not have the same cognitive maturity, metalinguistic awareness, or world knowledge as older second language learners. Although they are developing cognitive maturity and metalinguistic awareness, they still have a long way to go in these areas, as well as in the area of world knowledge, in the beginning they reach the levels already attained by adults and adolescents.Most child learners do not feel nervous about attempting to use the language, even whentheir proficiency is instead limited. Adults and adolescents, on the other hand, often find it verystressful when they are unable to express themselves clearly an d correctly. Nevertheless, even very young children (pre-school) children differ in their nervousness when faced with speaking a language they do not know well. Some children happily chatter away in their new language others prefer to listen and participate silently in social interaction with their peers. Fortunately for these children, the learning environment rarely inducts pressure on them to speak when they are not ready.One condition which appears to be common among learners of all ages though perhaps not in equal quantities is access to modified input. This adjusted speech style is sometimes called -foreigner talk or -teacher talk. Many people who interact regularly with languagelearners, such as experienced teachers, seem to have a sense of what adjustments are needed to help their learners understand.TheNativist PositionThe best known and most influential proponent of the innatist position isNoamChomsky.In his famous reexamination of Skinners bookVerbalBehaviorhe pointed out that imitation and SR-theories of learning fail to explain how people come to produce sentences which they never heard before. He fences that cognition plays the decisive part in creating the ability to produce an unlimited number of sentences with the knowledge of a limited number of grammatical rules. He calls this abilitylanguage competenceand distinguishes it fromperformance, that is the actual use of language whichunder the heat of communicative exchanges or when people are tiredmay lead to the ware of grammatically faulty sentences.Explaining language learning on a cognitive basis raises the question, however, how children come to know the categories and rules of grammar which they need for a creative production of sentences.In that context the logical problem of language acquisition and the poverty of the input argument prompt researchers like Chomsky,Fodor, andSteven Pinkerto argue that languages are not learned like any other complex faculty (flying airplanes or doing complex mathematical calculations, for instance) but acquired on the basis of an innate knowledge of grammatical principles contained inalanguage acquisition device (LAD).In later versions of Chomskyan theories the LAD is renamedUniversal Grammar.The logical problem of language acquisition, which gave rise to the problematic distinction of language acquisition and learning,is seen to lie in the fact that adult language generally is full of grammatically errors, unfinished sentences and similar handicaps which seem to make it impossible for the human judgment/mind as a logical machine to extract from that sort of controversial input the right sort of grammatical rules. Observation of children and their parents reveals, too, that adults do not give children explicit instruction in rules of grammar (which would undo the logical problem of language acquisition).The protagonists of the nativist position of language acquisition aim to explainfirst language acquisition, notsecond languag e acquisition. Quite a few researchers in this camp doubt that UG (Universal Grammar) is available for second language acquisition. Some of them argue that UG may be available for second language acquisition up to a critical age only (early puberty) after which the plasticity of the brain would put an end to the beneficial workings of UG. We must remember, too, thatsecond language acquisition (SLA)is different fromforeign language learning.SLA takes place in a target language environment and provides the learners with plenty of language input in contextually meaningful situations. In contrast foreign language learning takes place under primitive time limits in a first language cultural context and provides comparatively poor environmental conditions for language acquisition.Because of the reasons just mentioned it is problematic to directly tie in nativist theories of language acquisition with new developments in FLT. The truth is, though, that nativist theories have definitely in fluenced theories on second language acquisition and they have indirectly had an effect on theories and methods in FLT. The perhaps most prominent example of such indirect influences and subterranean cross currents is the comprehensible input hypothesis developed byStephen Krashen. Histheory of second language acquisition actually consists of five main hypotheses 1. the acquisition-learning hypothesis, 2. the monitor hypothesis, 3. the natural order hypothesis, 4. the input hypothesis, and 5. the affective filter hypothesis. His position shares with nativist theories the learning acquisition dichotomy. The crucial point of his arguments is that grammar acquisition is an unconscious process which cannot really be helped or replaced by the teaching and conscious learning of explicit rules of grammar. What teachers can do to help their learners is make comprehensible the second language input which they provide because learners will find it easier to figure out the rules inherent the production of the input if they understand its meaning.

Drug Trafficking :: essays research papers

Making Marijuana Legal?When discussing whether to ultimately make marijuana legal or maintaining the current restrictions on the substance, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages the general public would gain by either decision. You can go almost anywhere and find someone who is either for or against this topic. Some say marijuana is harmless and has definite medical and recreational value. Still, another(prenominal)s say that it is a very dangerous drug and should be kept nefarious and off the streets because of it being known as the gateway drug.Marijuana is and, in my mind, always will be an illegal drug. Tons of it are shipped either in or out of the United States every year. It is probably one of the most attainable illegal drugs on the streets and is available pretty much everywhere. People make water been abusing marijuana for centuries and still there is a debate whether to legalize it or not. It is a CNS depressant that can either be smoked or someti mes ingested orally. Marijuana has been shown to drastically slow reflexes in users and has been linked to car crashes and other accidents where fast reflexes were required. Since it is almost always smoked, the user runs the risk of contracted lung and other types of crab louse by inhaling the fumes. Especially if it is being smoked in cigar paper wrapping, or a blunt. In the 1930s it was believed that smoking marijuana dour people into maniac killers. We now know that this is not true and that most of the time it does the exact opposite and makes the user very lethargic and almost catatonic if the user becomes too intoxicated by the substance. Besides the obvious risks associated with smoking marijuana there is the belief that marijuana, in some cases, can lead to the rib of harsher more illicit drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine. This is one of the most startling things about marijuana and if true, may be one of the main reasons that we never receive it legal ized. Almost three-quarters of the American population think marijuana should be made legal to doctors in order to prescribe it to patients who suffer from acute pain ascribable to different illnesses, such as cancer. It has been clinically proven to help reduce the miserable side-effects cancer patients must endure due to their kemo-therapy treatments. Besides helping cancer patients marijuana has been used to treat very severe cases of nausea, glaucoma, severe pain, depression, and even convulsions.

Nathaniel Hawthorne was a Liberal Puritan Essay -- essays research pap

Nathaniel Hawthornes outstrip known abruptly stories including Young Goodman Brown, The Ministers Black Veil, and The Birthmark, should be considered some of the great whole works of American literature because their exploration of enduring American themes of moral struggle. The short stories demonstrate a masterful command of symbolism and allegory.Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, mamma in 1804. Descended from a staunch Puritan family, Hawthorne?s father was a presiding judge over the Salem Witch Trials. Hawthorne?s father died when he was girlish and he spent much era alone during his childhood. He had an introspective nature and was an avid reader. He began to write while he was in college and adjacent graduation, returned to Salem where he entered a twelve-year literary apprenticeship. His first array of short stories, Twice-Told tales, was published in 1837. Soon afterwards, he joined for a short tip an experimental utopian community outside of Boston call ed Brook Farm in 1841. In 1842, Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody and they moved to Concord, Massachusetts. There Hawthorne wrote many pieces including his next collection of stores in 1846 called ?Mosses from an Old Manse.? From 1846 to 1849, Hawthorne worked in a Salem customhouse. Following his dismissal was a two-year period of intense productivity after which he wrote precise little fiction, although he did keep notebooks. Hawthorne died in 1864 following several years of inability to complete any of this writings. Much of Hawthornes work is set in compound New England and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan ancestry. He believed that the misfortunes of his immediate family were the result of d... ...esides over a funeral and a wedding, providing no one with any explanation as to his unusual appearance. The only character not afraid of the veil is the minister?s fianc but she does train him to remove it and how his fac e if only for a single time. He refuses to do so, explaining that the veil must stay on forever in recognition of the time when we will all cast aside our veils. She finally breaks off her engagement with Mr. Hooper since he refuses to remove it. When the minister dies, he is buried with the veil unlifted. Nathaniel Hawthorne?s best known short stories including Young Goodman Brown, The Ministers Black Veil, and The Birthmark, should be considered some of the great works of American literature because their exploration of enduring American themes of moral struggle. The short stories demonstrate a masterful command of symbolism and allegory.